ALL EVENTS OF THE 2012

2012 was a year rich in events, from large events such as the London Olympic Games and the US presidential race, and to regional conflicts in the Middle East and Africa. Which began two years ago and never-ending "Arab Spring" is still a significant influence on Syria and Egypt. The slow recovery from the global economic crisis has brought severe austerity measures in Europe, leading to widespread mass protests.
Retiring in 2012 in photos
January 14, 2012. The liner "Costa Concordia" ran aground and tilted near the islands of Giglio. 32 passengers and crew members were killed after the Italian ship with about 4,200 people on board hit a shoal. "Costa Concordia" cruise the Mediterranean made when hit a reef near the island of Giglio on Friday, a few hours after the start of the journey, sat down to dinner when the passengers. The ship's captain, Francesco Schettino, who reportedly left the ship shortly after it crashed, lost his job and is accused of murder.

Retiring in 2012 in photos
January 16, 2012. A man rides through the fire in the small village of San Bartolome de Pinares in Spain. On horseback ride through bonfires on the night before the official Day of honoring animals in honor of St. Anthony, patron of animals.

Retiring in 2012 in photos
January 22, 2012. Sydney, Australia. Famous actress of the Australian Ballet Amber Scott (right) and actor Patrick Bangarra Dance Theatre Teydey during the photograph on the roof of the Sydney Opera House to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the opening of the ballet.
Retiring in 2012 in photos
January 22, 2012. The presidential candidate of the Republican former governor of Utah Jon Huntsman stands on the counter in a diner in Hampstead, New Hampshire, USA.
Retiring in 2012 in photos
January 2, 2012. The sun highlights the silhouette of a horse through the tissue barrier at the races at Plumpton, England.
Retiring in 2012 in photos
January 7, 2012. The leopard attacked the Indian laborer in a residential area Silpuhukhuri Indian city of Guwahati. Three people were seriously injured in attacks by wild cat before she was caught and placed in the public zoo. 40-year-old worker fully recovered, leopard, according to press reports, released into the wild in the Wildlife Refuge.
Retiring in 2012 in photos
January 24, 2012. Roger Federer kick on the left in the quarterfinal match against Argentine Juan Martin del Potro at the Australian Open at Melbourne Park, Melbourne, Australia.
Retiring in 2012 in photos
January 25, 2012. Members of the United Kennel Club Japan cares about animals, taken from the exclusion zone around the nuclear power plant in Fukushima. Dogs and cats that were left in the Fukushima exclusion zone, have experienced strong radiation, lack of food and winter cold. March 11, 2011 earthquake in 9.0 points and a massive tsunami led to the worst nuclear accident in the world over the past 25 years, forcing the people living in the vicinity of Fukushima, run, do not always managing to take with them their pets.
Retiring in 2012 in photos
January 19th, 2012. The corpse of the bandit is seen riddled with bullets windshield of a car in the city Hungapeo, Michoacan, Mexico. In a shootout between bandits and soldiers killed two bandits, while three managed to escape. Although the increase in the level of violence in wars Mexican drug traffickers seem to have slowed down in 2012, the horrible murder - still a usual thing.
Retiring in 2012 in photos
January 15, 2012. Overcrowded trains ready to go after the final prayer ceremony on the outskirts of Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Retiring in 2012 in photos
January 25, 2012. The Arizona Governor Jan Brewer, a Republican lively gestures during a conversation with US President Barack Obama after his arrival at the airport Phoenix-Mesa in Mesa, Arizona. When she then asked what she was talking with the president, Brewer said: "He was a little excited about my book." Publishing recently released a book called "Scorpions for Breakfast" - something like a political autobiography, where Jan Brewer talks about how long it protects the signing of the controversial Arizona law against illegal immigrants, opposes Obama.
Retiring in 2012 in photos
January 5, 2012. A resident of the Netherlands stands at the window in his home in the city of Dordrecht. Hurricane winds reaching 110 km / h and torrential rains fell on the Dutch coast.About a quarter of the country is below sea level.
Retiring in 2012 in photos
February 26, 2012. Aung San Suu Kyi, the pro-democracy icon of Myanmar forces, closed hand from sunlight. She arrived in the village Tongwa that is about 50 km from Yangon to speak at a rally during the election campaign.
Retiring in 2012 in photos
January 10, 2012. Peshawar, Pakistan. A man wounded in the explosion, puts on his shoes before he will be taken to the hospital. The bomb, which was intended to blow up the representatives of tribal militias against the Pakistani Taliban exploded in the market close to the Afghan border, killing scores of innocent people.
Retiring in 2012 in photos
February 7, 2012. Light poles, covered with ice in the Croatian town of Senj on the Adriatic coast.
Retiring in 2012 in photos
February 26, 2012. Actress Angelina Jolie poses for photographers before the 84th Academy Awards.
Retiring in 2012 in photos
February 19, 2012. South Africa. Helicopter transports the black rhino. For the seventh black rhino population moved to the area free from poachers in the Limpopo Province.
Retiring in 2012 in photos
February 23, 2012. A woman in a wheelchair in a clash with police protection of public order in the center of La Paz, Bolivia. Hundreds of people with disabilities arrived in La Paz after the protest march at about 1600 km, lasting more than a hundred days to ask the Bolivian government to pay financial assistance in the amount of 3,000 bolivianos ($ 434) each Bolivian with disabilities.
Retiring in 2012 in photos
February 10, 2012. The two-month monkey named Julian biting the ear actor transvestite named Kang backstage Tiffany Show in Pattaya, which is 150 km east of Bangkok, Thailand. The first Tiffany show was delivered as a one-man performance for their friends on the eve of the new 1974. Since then it has become a world-famous transvestite cabaret with dozens of artists performing every night.
Retiring in 2012 in photos
February 16, 2012. Australia. Surfer.
Retiring in 2012 in photos
February 10, 2012. The Afghan Border Police sits in a helicopter before the operation "Eagle Storm" in profintsii Helmand.
Retiring in 2012 in photos
February 12, 2012. The burning police. Greeks are rioting in Athens against the plans of the parliament to adopt new austerity measures aimed at preventing bankruptcy.
Retiring in 2012 in photos
February 24, 2012. The boy refugee in Myanmar.
Retiring in 2012 in photos
March 28, 2012. Susan Clark of Santa Monica, California protests against health care reform before the Supreme Court in Washington, DC, United States on the last day before the adoption of the Law on Health Care, signed by President Barack Obama. Red hand painted on her face, in her words mean that socialism violates her freedom of choice and right.
Retiring in 2012 in photos
February 15, 2012. Police soldiers and journalists from the bottom on top hiding during the armed uprising of prisoners in Komayagua, Honduras, north of the capital Tegucigalpa, which led to the deaths of at least 360 people
Retiring in 2012 in photos
March 22, 2012. North India, the city of Allahabad. A farmer carries a basket of cucumbers grown them on the market for sale.
Retiring in 2012 in photos
March 2, 2012. Greg Cook hugs his dog named Coco after her release from the ruins of the house of Greg in East Limestone, Alabama, United States. Several tornadoes swept over the area, committing severe damage in Limestone and Madison counties.
Retiring in 2012 in photos
March 14, 2012. A man stands in a crumbling building of the Bulgarian Communist Party on the mountain Bazludzha that in central Bulgaria. After more than two decades after the fall of the communist regime, which it was supposed to celebrate, a monument to the communist era still stands, creating problems for the Bulgarian authorities, who can neither maintain nor dismantle it.
Retiring in 2012 in photos
March 21, 2012. The reaction Huan Sufen, a resident of the village Yangzhi, the destruction of her home workers, Guangdong province, China. Workers mistakenly demolished part of her house, which was not included in the demolition project.
Retiring in 2012 in photos
27 March 2012 in Jakarta, Indonesia. "Molotov cocktail" thrown during clashes between protesters and students of government over plans to raise the last fuel prices by a third.
Retiring in 2012 in photos
March 24, 2012. Guanajuato, Mexico. Dog on the road, which will pass just about Pope Benedict XVI.
Retiring in 2012 in photos
March 4, 2012. The Prime Minister and presidential candidate Vladimir Putin of Russia in tears vytupaet at a rally of his supporters on Manezh Square near the Kremlin. Next to him - President Dmitry Medvedev.
Retiring in 2012 in photos
March 16, 2012. Syrian rebel poses on horseback in the village of Al-Shatura in northwestern Syria, near the border with Turkey.
Retiring in 2012 in photos
March 10, 2012. Idlib, Northern Syria. Husband and two children of the woman killed during the shelling of their home.
Retiring in 2012 in photos
March 26, 2012. New Delhi, India. Attempt self-immolation of Tibetan activist before the visit to the Chinese leader Hu Jintao.
Retiring in 2012 in photos
April 17, 2012. The sky over Washington, DC, USA. After the last flight into orbit in March 2011, the shuttle Discovery Boeing-747 aircraft delivered to the National Air and Space Museum of the Smithsonian Institution.
Retiring in 2012 in photos
April 16, 2012. Norwegian terrorist Anders Breivik in court.
Retiring in 2012 in photos
April 15, 2012. Indio, California. Snoop Dogg performs on stage with a holographic image of Tupac Shakur.
Retiring in 2012 in photos
April 18, 2012. US President Barack Obama at the Henry Ford Museum.
Retiring in 2012 in photos
March 18, 2012. frosted tree in a park in the center of Beijing.
Retiring in 2012 in photos
April 21, 2012. The player Dortmund "Borussia" Łukasz Piszczek pours beer on her head to his coach Jürgen Klopp after winning the game.
Retiring in 2012 in photos
April 24, 2012. Pyongyang, North Korea. A giant image of the new commander in chief, Kim Jong Un is shown on the huge screen during a concert dedicated to the 80th anniversary of the founding of the North Korean army.
Retiring in 2012 in photos
April 11, 2012. Young people in the punk festival in Yangon, Myanmar.
Retiring in 2012 in photos
April 26, 2012. Colorado Boulder, USA. On the tree falls bear asleep under the influence of tranquilizers. He wandered around the campus of the local university and was caught by environmentalists.
August 15, 2012. Captured by the Japanese patrol ships Coast Guard boat with political activists.14 people sailed from Hong Kong towards the disputed islands controlled by Japan but claimed by China and Taiwan
2012 in photos (part 2)
August 2, 2012. The US gymnast Gabrielle Douglas speaks at the Olympics in London
2012 in photos (part 2)

June 12, 2012. The light of stars, lights and flashes of lightning megacities mingled on the composite photograph taken with the camera mounted on the International Space Station.
2012 in photos (part 2)
May 22, 2012. favela in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Approximately 1 billion people worldwide live in these slums here.
2012 in photos (part 2)
May 20, 2012. Half of the dial on the tower in Finale Emilia Modenese, destroyed by an earthquake of 6.0, Italy
2012 in photos (part 2)
May 4, 2012. Cowboy Nate Cummings rides during the "Supermoon", Montana, USA.
2012 in photos (part 2)
May 1, 2012. A police officer brandishing a baton on the activist movement Occupy Wall Street, which was released on May Day demonstration
2012 in photos (part 2)
May 13, 2012. She is an abandoned railway line, known as the "Tunnel of Love" in a small Ukrainian town of Klevan in Rivne region about 350 km from Kiev.
2012 in photos (part 2)
June 6, 2012. Venus passes through the disk of the sun. This photo is taken from the Japanese satellite Hinode. On that day, Venus is between the Sun and Earth. The next time this will happen in 2117.
2012 in photos (part 2)
May 8, 2012. South Africa. Fog over Cape Town.
2012 in photos (part 2)
5 June 2012. Londoners celebrate the 60th anniversary of the reign of Queen Elizabeth II
2012 in photos (part 2)
June 3, 2012. Ivory helicopter, created by Dutch artist Bart Jansen (right) flies in the center of Amsterdam at the festival of art KunstRAI. Jansen said that the cat helicopter built by him from his favorite stuffed cat Orville, hit by a car. He built "Orvilkopter" together with the pilot Arjen Beltmenom (left).
2012 in photos (part 2)
June 10, 2012. Ethnic arakanets comes with a homemade weapon in his hands. In the background is lit building that was set on fire during clashes between Arakanese Buddhists and Rohingya Muslims in Sittwe, Myanmar.
2012 in photos (part 2)
June 6, 2012. Space Shuttle Enterprise is towed by the Freedom Tower World Trade Center, the place of permanent exhibition at the Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum
2012 in photos (part 2)
June 26, 2012. Forest fires in Colorado Springs, USA.
2012 in photos (part 2)
June 6, 2012. North Korea. Artists perform for farmers during the planting season.
2012 in photos (part 2)
June 16, 2012. Liu Yang, China's first female astronaut. China is going for 10 years independently build its own space station space.
2012 in photos (part 2)
July 8, 2012. Spain. Cardboard figure of Muhammad Ali, staged street artists next to a sleeping man in the park.
2012 in photos (part 2)
July 26, 2012. A girl cries during the funeral of his cousin, one of the 12 victims of the 24-year-old James Holmes opened fire on the people in the theater.
2012 in photos (part 2)
July 6, 2012. Women in special nylon masks that protect the face from the ultraviolet to the beach in Qingdao, China. Masks have been invented by a woman about seven years ago and is now in mass production and sold in local stores beachwear.
2012 in photos (part 2)
July 22, 2012. Emilia Hemplmen Adams poses with the Olympic flame on a background of Big Ben, standing on top of the capsule "London Eye"
2012 in photos (part 2)
August 3, 2012. A good picture of the full moon on the background of the Olympic rings hanging on the Tower Bridge during the London Olympics
2012 in photos (part 2)
July 31, 2012. The American Michael Phelps won with his gold medal during the Olympic Games in the summer of 2012 in London. At this Olympics Phelps won 4 gold and 2 silver medals and became the strongest Olympian of all time with 22 medals on the account
2012 in photos (part 2)
August 5, 2012. Usein Bolt of Jamaica crosses the finish line and wins the gold in the men's 100-meter final at the London Olympics
2012 in photos (part 2)
August 5, 2012. Silver medalist of the Olympic Games in London American McKale Maron
2012 in photos (part 2)
August 12, 2012. The attenuation of the Olympic flame during the closing ceremony of the London Olympics
2012 in photos (part 2)
August 13, 2012. President and presidential candidate Barack Obama speaks to voters in Iowa during a three-day bus tour of propaganda
2012 in photos (part 2)
August 8, 2012. Nadezhda Tolokonnikova, member of the punk band Pussy Riot before the court hearing in Moscow, Russia. Tolokonnikova and two other participants punk band were found guilty of criminal hooliganism and inciting religious hatred for having organized a "punk prayer" against Vladimir Putin in the Christ the Savior Cathedral in February 2012.
2012 in photos (part 2)

10 OF THE LATEST ADVANCES IN MEDICINE

Modern medicine has not yet responded to the worst calls of the XX century, like cancer, HIV, bacteria and adaptive hybrid viruses, but the horizons of the research offer hope that a cure is achievable.
Today, scientific research intersect with dreams of psychotherapy preparatnoy adjustment of human behavior, reach devices, pharmaceutical chemistry, replacement, and run into the treasury of the gene, which is encoded in DNA molecules recipes incurable ailments.
10 of the latest advances in medicine
In the foreseeable future it will be possible to give injections without needles, drink tablets from racism, relieve headaches at the touch of a button and treat Down syndrome on fetal level. Next, a list of breakthroughs in modern medicine that promise to make our lives, if not better, definitely - quite different.

10 of the latest advances in medicine

Birth control pills for men

Scientists from the Institute of Cancer Dana-Faber in Boston (USA) managed to develop a drug that is able to make a real revolution in the field of non-hormonal contraception for men. Its active ingredient is JQ1 - a chemical compound that selectively slows the testes-specific protein and blocks bromodomen spermogenez. At the same time there is no drug sedative and anxiolytic effect. JQ1 tested on mice and it has shown to be highly effective. In this case, the reproductive ability of the animals to recover quickly after the effect of the drug ended. Experts estimate that about ⅓ pairs in the world prefer to use condoms to avoid birth control pills and other contraceptives for women. It is believed that most cases of unplanned pregnancy is necessary on such unions.
10 of the latest advances in medicine

Cure for bad memories

Scientists from the University of Montreal (Canada) managed to find a drug that reduces a person need to contact a heavy memories. It has not yet been "Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind", but a significant step towards adapting the work of human memory. A drug called metyrapone actually there for a long time: in the past it has been used for the treatment of adrenal insufficiency. However, experts have found that the effects of metyrapone on the stress level can be much more useful. The drug reduces the production of cortisol - a hormone that is produced by the adrenal glands in stressful situations. Studies have shown that pharmacological reduction in cortisol levels in these situations reduces the painful memories and creates a positive view of events.
During the tests the participants told stories of the experiment, in which there were neutral and negative elements of the plot. People who before this took metyrapone, four days later could remember the first is much more than the latter, while the study participants who received a placebo instead of the drug, well remembered as neutral, and negative items.
10 of the latest advances in medicine

Neurostimulator against migraines and cluster headaches

Specialists ATI's presented to the public neurostimulator, which helps to relieve cluster headaches and migraines. The device is about the size of almonds through a small incision in the gum is placed in core-palatine ganglion - limited cluster of neurons located in the course of one of the cranial nerves in the nose area. Neurostimulator is activated by an external remote control: If necessary, the patient simply brings it to her cheek. The unit turns on blocks-palatine ganglion basically, and the pain ceases or diminishes.
According to research in Europe, 68% of patients responded well to treatment: they reduce the intensity or frequency of pain, and sometimes, both. The use of a nerve stimulator against cluster headaches in the EU has already begun. In the US, the State Administration of Quality Supervision of food and medicines until allowed to use it only for research purposes.
10 of the latest advances in medicine

Medicine for high blood pressure and racism

According to scientists from the University of Oxford (UK), a drug called propranolol, which doctors prescribe for coronary heart disease, hypertension and other diseases, is also able to reduce the level of racism. In a study conducted by specialists, involved 36 people. Half of them took propranolol, and the other half - placebo tablets. According to the results of a psychological test, which then held the scientists found that the first group showed a significantly lower level of subconscious aggression towards members of other nations and races. The reason - the fact that the active substance propranolol reduces the activity of neurons and, as a side effect, affect the intensity of the subconscious fears, including those associated with foreigners.
Study co-author, Professor, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Oxford, Julian Savulescu said: "These studies confirm that our unconscious attitude to anything can be modeled using the tablets. Such opportunities require careful ethical analysis. In biological research, which seeks to make people better, dark story. And propranolol - it is not a tablet from racism. But given the fact that a huge number of patients already taking medications that have a "moral" side effects, we at least need to understand what they are. "
10 of the latest advances in medicine

Chromosomal therapy

Scientists from the University of Massachusetts (USA) managed to "turn off" an extra copy of chromosome 21, which is responsible for the development of a human Down syndrome. Despite the fact that the tests were conducted in vitro, this study has great practical importance. In the future it will help to develop a chromosomal therapy for unborn babies with trisomy (Down's syndrome, Patau syndrome, Edwards syndrome) or symptomatic treatment for those who are already born.
The study used experts stem cells derived from skin tissue of a patient with Down syndrome. They have put in extra copy of chromosome 21 genetic "switch" - gene XIST. This gene has all mammalian beings female and is responsible for the inactivation of one of the two X chromosomes. When expressing XIST RNA molecule, which covers the surface of the chromosomes, like a blanket, and blocks the expression of its genes. Adjust work XIST scientists managed with antibiotics doxycycline. As a result, problem copy of chromosome 21 has stopped working, and the patient stem cell into a healthy one.
10 of the latest advances in medicine

A new tool for a hangover and alcohol

Researchers from the University of California, Los Angeles (USA) succeeded in isolating a substance that is capable to reduce the negative effects of intoxication, prevent hangovers and reduce cravings to drink. They found digidromiritsetin or DHM, which is obtained from the fruit of the Chinese subspecies candy tree (Hovenia dulcis). In Chinese medicine, extracts of them used against a hangover is already about five centuries.
In the study, researchers introduced the experimental rats dose of alcohol, equivalent to 20 cans of beer, drunk adult. Then the "drunken" rodents rolled onto his back, so they lost orientation in space. The rats that did not receive digidromiritsetin could not restore coordination about 70 minutes, while the animals, which together with alcohol introduced the "antidote" could come down in five minutes. The researchers also noted that DHM markedly reduced in animals craving for alcohol: rats that received it, even after three months of regular admission "alcohol" was chosen instead of drinking sugar water.Skeptics, however, doubt that digidromiritsetin really help people suffering from alcoholism. After all, if the medicine saves from a hangover, dizziness and nausea, the temptation to drink more, not less.
10 of the latest advances in medicine

Determining the level of sugar in the blood tests and injections without needles

Recently developed by the American company Echo Therapeutics device Prelude SkinPrep System and Symphony CGM System allow you to do the injection, take tests, as well as control the level of sugar in the blood of patients with diabetes without injections. Apparatus painlessly remove the horny layer of the skin (the thickness - about 0.01 mm) and increases its permeability to fluids and electrical conductivity. As a result, you can access the interstitial fluid without disturbing the integrity of the skin.
Apparatus for determining the blood sugar level and are equipped with wireless transmitter attached to the patient's skin as a patch. Every minute the device sends data to a monitor that records the changes in the level of sugar in the blood of a patient and sends a visual and audible alarm if the figures are too low or too high. The device is designed primarily for hospitals.
10 of the latest advances in medicine

"Sighting" cure for multiple sclerosis

Scientists from Northwestern University (USA) have been able to find a cure for multiple sclerosis without drugs which depress the immune system as a whole. This discovery was preceded by 30 years of work. Experts managed to "teach" the body of patients with atherosclerosis aiming to suppress autoreactive T cells that attack myelin - a substance that forms the electrically insulating sheath of neurons in the optic nerve, spinal cord and brain. To do this, doctors have introduced their own white blood cells in patients, in which genetically engineered antigens were added billions of myelin. As a result, the level of immune system activity against neuronal membranes decreased by 50-75%, while that does not affect its operation as a whole. Scientists admit that their first experimental group was too small to be able to draw final conclusions. But they hope will soon receive funds for new, larger studies.
10 of the latest advances in medicine

3D-mammography for the early diagnosis of cancer

At Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore (USA) have begun to use the device Hologic, which, along with the usual 2D-images, allows you to make 3D-mammography breast. During one session unit creates 15 shots at an angle of 15 degrees, and then outputs the image slice thickness of 1 mm. This gives physicians the opportunity to see the distortion in the breast tissue is much more than a conventional 2D-mammography and diagnose breast cancer much earlier. "If the disease is possible to quickly detect and begin treatment before the appearance of metastases, the survival rate in the next five years is more than 98% - said the director of the department of radiology at Johns Hopkins Hospital Breast Susan K. Harvey. - Furthermore, at the early stage requires minimal surgery and chemotherapy are often needed. " However, the researchers note that the 3D-mammography center there is a risk of calcification. Preinvasive cancer tumors (so-called "carcinoma in situ", when the tumor does not grow into the underlying tissue, and its cells are killed with the same speed as the fall) represented kalitsifikatami better amenable to diagnosis using 2D-studies.
10 of the latest advances in medicine

A revolutionary drug for the treatment of prostate cancer

In the UK in 2011 appeared the drug, developed by specialists called a true revolution in oncology.Abiraterone A drug called 80% reduces tumor size or stabilizing it even at the final stage of cancer, when there is metastasis and significantly eases pain.
Abiraterone blocks androgen synthesis by inhibiting the enzyme CYP17. This leads to a significant decrease in testosterone levels, which is the main "fuel" for prostate cancer. Medicine, unfortunately, is not universal: patients with an aggressive form of cancer, he can not help. However, it is able to increase the life expectancy of patients with at least two times, and improve its quality.

7 TRUTHS WHICH HAVE BEEN RECENTLY REFUTED

Over time, even the information that we used to take the absolute truth, may undergo significant changes. For example, it was previously thought that the doctors did not necessarily wash their hands before surgery. But science does not stand still, and knowledge is constantly evolving. We collected data, which, although familiar to you at school, but over time have become outdated and have been refuted.

EARLIER: Pluto - a planet

pluto-1
Model Pluto and Eris, recreated NASA
Now: Pluto is not a planet.
Until some time we knew that from the late 1800s, there is the ninth planet after Uranus - Pluto. In 1906, Percival Lowell, founder of the Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona, has launched a research project to detect the mysterious "Planet X". However, in 1930, 23-year-old novice researcher accidentally discovered this planet. Clyde Tombaugh was instructed to meticulously follow moving objects, systematically comparing the pictures of a starry sky. As a result, the Clyde presented his discovery to the Harvard College Observatory.
The name of the new planet gave 11-year-old Englishwoman (in honor of the Roman god of the underworld). So the planet Pluto was included in the composition of our solar system.
But in 2003, according to NASA astronomer found beyond Pluto's much larger object, which gave the name of Eris.
This event has caused many disputes among astronomers, the chief of which was - what makes a planet a planet? As a result, based on the size and location of the bodies, it was decided that neither Pluto or Eris actually planets are not.
Can you imagine what was disappointing mladsheklassnikov geography lessons.
Even when astronomer Mike Brown, author of "How I killed Pluto and why it was inevitable," opened the debate on this issue, an astrophysicist Nick Tyson Degrasss fully supported him, "If you compare the weight Chevrolet Impala and Neptune, how much more Pluto Compared with these? Pluto would be similar to a toy car. "

EARLIER: Diamond - the hardest natural material


rough-diamond
* Pyramidal diamond embedded in the working surface hardness Vickers.
Now: Ultra-hard cubic boron nitride - the hardest substance in the world.
In a world known substance harder than diamond 2 - wurtzite boron nitride and lonsdalite. First stronger diamond by 18%, the second - 58%! Unfortunately, both the substance rarely occur in nature. To be honest, the study has not yet proved their calculations in practice. Therefore, this discovery can be considered a true theoretically.
However, there is another contender for the title of the most solid. Simply put, scientists condensed boron nitride particles to create an "ultra solid cubic boron nitride." To do this, they simply divided the particle into its constituent elements (this procedure can be compared with the cleaning onion, truncation of rose petals or unfolding nesting dolls).
As a result, women around the world have begun to hunt for wedding rings made out of heavy-duty material, as such rings are really scrapie your union "forever."

EARLIER: Pyramid in Egypt was built slaves Jews


pyramids-at-giza-khufu-and-khafra
Pyramids of Giza - Khufu and Khafre
Now:  Egyptian pyramids were built wage workers.
In the movie "Prince of Egypt" we could see slaves as builders of these stone structures. This is also evidenced by the texts of the Bible, but the specific descriptions in it was found. This is quite a common myth rumor originates from the time of the visit of the former Prime Minister of Israel in Egypt MenahemaBegina in 1977.
However, a professor at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem Amichai Mazar claims that no Jew was not involved in the construction of the pyramids because Jews did not exist at the time of their construction.
In fact, recent archaeological finds show that it was the Egyptians built the pyramids. Workers hired from poor families living in the south and north of the state. They are not held in high esteem; they were buried without honors, not caring about the observance of all rituals.

SOON: Our evolutionary relationship with other primates lost forever


ida-missing-link-fossil
Ida - fossil, considered "the missing link of evolution"
Now:  Find "Ida".
It is believed that "Ida" - an important link (previously lost) in the doctrine of evolution from ape to man.In 2003, paleontologist YornHurum and his team in Germany found these ancient remains, incidentally, is well preserved, dating back as many as 47 million. Years. Ida, namely the so-called this ancient primate became a transitional link in the evolutionary rift between higher primates (monkeys and apes) and humans, as well as lemurs - our distant relatives.
Ida received the scientific name Darwiniusmasillae (literally "creature of Darwin Messel). Her skeleton resembles the skeleton of a lemur, and it has some features in common with primates: separate thumb, no claws, short limbs. The discovery of this animal fills a big gap in evolutionary history.

EARLIER: Fold a piece of paper more than seven times - mathematically impossible


jane-waterbury
Britney Gellivan managed to lay down a roll like this more than seven times
Now: the record is - more than 11 times.
This rumor is fairly widespread in the fields of science and art. However, a schoolgirl from California proved that there is nothing impossible. Britney Gellivan and a few volunteers have gained a huge 85-dollar roll of toilet paper and all shocked by the fact that it lay down as much as 11 times. Britney realized that all those before it tried to do this, alternated the direction of the fold of the paper. The girl even brought a mathematical equation, which made taking into account the thickness and width of a particular paper.
Britney Gellivan made a presentation at the National Convention of Teachers of Mathematics in 2006, and in 2007 received a degree in environmental sciences at the University of California at Berkeley. Now it can be seen in the popular television show "MythBusters."

EARLIER: The Great Wall - the only manmade structure visible from space


great-wall-of-china-from-space
Photos central part of Inner Mongolia, about 320 miles from Beijing, made on 24 November 2004 from the International Space Station. As you can see, the wall is almost indistinguishable
Now: Many structures erected by people can be seen from space.
Formally, it never was true - just this information throughout many mladsheklassniki include in their reports and presentations. In fact, rumors about the possibility to see many sights not only of space, but even there the moon in 1938.
Despite this, in 2003, the Chinese astronaut is still this myth dispelled. According to NASA Yang Liwei admitted that he was not able to see the Great Wall from space. After this statement began to appear numerous pictures, and all unanimously agreed that under certain conditions (presence of snow cover, camera with high magnification) is still possible to see the outlines of a glimpse of the building. And you can see the lights of the big cities, main roads, bridges, airports, dams and reservoirs.
As for the visibility of terrestrial objects from the Moon - it is only speculation.
"The only thing that can be seen from the moon - it's a big blue sphere covered with clouds and yellow spots deserts, and sometimes green vegetation," - says the astronaut crew of Apollo 12 Alan Bean. - "There is no man-made objects in the field of vision at a distance."
Maybe some, talking about distinct objects from space, mean visibility of buildings from satellites orbiting the Earth - but it is not outer space.

EARLIER: There are five Scientific classification Kingdom species


fungi
Mushrooms (lat.Fungi) - one of the kingdoms of the living world
Now: There is an opinion that such kingdoms at least eight.
Perhaps the lessons of biology you remember the five major kingdoms of living things: animals, plants, bacteria (or Monera), fungi and protozoa. One way or another, but the classification has since been expanded.
The more species of living beings is opened, the harder it becomes to assign them to a particular realm.In addition to the above-mentioned kingdoms have already added to the kingdom "Archaea", previously combined in the general realm of bacteria.
At first glance, archaea (ancient bacteria) look like other single-celled organisms called eubacteria (true bacteria), but it is only at first glance. There are also more complex systems, which divide into two eubacteria kingdom or some chrome.
In the United States adhere to the classification of the 6 kingdoms: plants, animals, unicellular fungi, archaea and eubacteria.